(An)isotropy of the Hubble diagram: comparing hemispheres

TL;DR

This study tests the isotropy of the Hubble diagram using supernova data, revealing significant hemispheric anisotropy at low redshifts, likely due to systematic errors rather than fundamental cosmological anisotropy.

Contribution

It provides the first hemispheric comparison of the Hubble diagram at small redshifts, highlighting potential systematic biases in supernova observations affecting cosmological conclusions.

Findings

Significant anisotropy detected at z < 0.2 with > 95% confidence.

Hemispheric asymmetry aligns with equatorial frame, suggesting systematic errors.

Data does not conclusively support accelerated expansion in all hemispheres.

Abstract

We test the isotropy of the Hubble diagram. At small redshifts, this is possible without assumptions on the cosmic inventory and provides a fundamental test of the cosmological principle. At higher redshift we check for the self-consistency of the LambdaCDM model. At small redshifts, we use public supernovae (SNe) Ia data to determine the deceleration parameter q_0 and the SN calibration on opposite hemispheres. For the complete data sets we fit Omega_M and the SN calibration on opposite hemispheres. A statistically significant anisotropy of the Hubble diagram at redshifts z < 0.2 is discovered (> 95% C.L.). While data from the North Galactic hemisphere favour the accelerated expansion of the Universe, data from the South Galactic hemisphere are not conclusive. The hemispheric asymmetry is maximal toward a direction close to the equatorial poles. The discrepancy between the equatorial North and South hemispheres shows up in the SN calibration. For the LambdaCDM model fitted to all available SNe, we find the same asymmetry. The alignment of discrepancies between hemispheric Hubble diagrams with the equatorial frame seems to point toward a systematic error in the SN search, observation, analysis or data reduction. We also find that our model independent test cannot exclude the case of the deceleration of the expansion at a statistically significant level.