Astronomical bounds on future big freeze singularity

TL;DR

This paper investigates whether a universe filled with phantom generalized Chaplygin gas can match astronomical data and explores the implications for the timing of a future big freeze singularity.

Contribution

It demonstrates that a universe solely with phantom generalized Chaplygin gas cannot fit observational data, but adding dark matter allows for consistent models and estimates the time until the big freeze.

Findings

Pure phantom generalized Chaplygin gas models do not match observations.

Adding dark matter enables models consistent with data.

Estimates of the time remaining before the big freeze.

Abstract

Recently it was found that dark energy in the form of phantom generalized Chaplygin gas may lead to a new form of the cosmic doomsday, the big freeze singularity. Like the big rip singularity, the big freeze singularity would also take place at a finite future cosmic time, but unlike the big rip singularity it happens for a finite scale factor.Our goal is to test if a universe filled with phantom generalized Chaplygin gas can conform to the data of astronomical observations. We shall see that if the universe is only filled with generalized phantom Chaplygin gas with equation of state $p=-c^2s^2/\rho^{\alpha}$ with $\alpha<-1$, then such a model cannot be matched to the data of astronomical observations. To construct matched models one actually need to add dark matter. This procedure results in cosmological scenarios which do not contradict the data of astronomical observations and allows one to estimate how long we are now from the future big freeze doomsday.