SN 2006bp: Probing the Shock Breakout of a Type II-P Supernova

TL;DR

This study presents detailed optical spectroscopy and photometry of SN 2006bp, capturing the shock breakout phase and early evolution, revealing transient emission lines and providing insights into the supernova's progenitor and explosion dynamics.

Contribution

First detailed optical spectral and photometric observations of SN 2006bp from shock breakout through nebular phase, including transient emission lines and velocity measurements.

Findings

Detected narrow emission lines shortly after shock breakout, likely from ionized material near the explosion site.

Observed a slow decay in the light curve, slower than 56Co decay, indicating sustained energy input.

No early sharp peak in the light curve, constraining shock breakout duration to less than ~1 day.

Abstract

HET optical spectroscopy and unfiltered ROTSE-III photometry spanning the first 11 months since explosion of the Type II-P SN 2006bp are presented. Flux limits from the days before discovery combined with the initial rapid brightening suggest the supernova was first detected just hours after shock breakout. Optical spectra obtained about 2 days after breakout exhibit narrow emission lines corresponding to HeII 4200, HeII 4686, and CIV 5805 in the rest frame, and these features persist in a second observation obtained 5 hours later; however, these emission lines are not detected the following night nor in subsequent observations. We suggest that these lines emanate from material close to the explosion site, possibly in the outer layers of the progenitor that have been ionized by the high energy photons released at shock breakout. A P-Cygni profile is observed around 4450 A in the +2 and +3 day spectra. Previous studies have attributed this feature to high velocity H-beta, but we discuss the possibility that this profile is instead due to HeII 4687. Further HET observations (14 nights in total) covering the spectral evolution across the photometric plateau up to 73 days after breakout and during the nebular phase around day +340 are presented, and expansion velocities are derived for key features. The measured decay slope for the unfiltered light curve is 0.0073 +/- 0.0004 mag/day between days +121 and +335, which is significantly slower than the decay of rate 56Co. We combine our HET measurements with published X-ray, UV, and optical data to obtain a quasi-bolometric light curve through day +60. We see a slow cooling over the first 25 days, but no sign of an early sharp peak; any such feature from the shock breakout must have lasted less than ~1 day.[ABRIDGED]