General Relativity Constraints the Proper Times and Predicts the Frozen Stars Instead of the Black Holes

TL;DR

This paper argues that general relativity predicts the formation of frozen stars, where proper times are infinitely slowed near the gravitational radius, preventing true black hole formation and leading to stable, yet frozen, stellar objects.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of frozen stars (frozars) as an alternative to black holes, based on invariant proper time constraints in static gravitational fields.

Findings

Proper time intervals are limited before horizon crossing.

Stars become frozen near their gravitational radius.

Frozen stars can thaw and explode due to internal and external processes.

Abstract

In a static gravitational field an intersection of a worldline by a global hypersurface of simultaneity t=const gives an invariant constraint relating the proper time of this event by t. Since at any finite t the such constrained proper time intervals are less than reqiured for crossing a horizon, general relativity predicts the gravitational freezing of proper times in stars with time-like or null geodesics everywhere. The time dilation stabilizes contracting massive stars by freezing, which is maximal but finite at the centre, and the surface is frozen near the gravitational radius. The frozen stars (frozars) slowly defrost due to emissions and external interactions, the internal phase transitions can initiate refreezing with bursts and explosions.