A Brane World in an Arbitrary Number of Dimensions without Z_2 Symmetry

TL;DR

This paper derives the effective Einstein equations for a brane world model in arbitrary dimensions without assuming Z_2 symmetry, revealing a new anisotropic fluid component due to the asymmetry.

Contribution

It introduces a novel junction condition for non-Z_2 symmetric branes and explicitly relates the mean extrinsic curvature to bulk curvature, expanding the theoretical framework of brane world models.

Findings

Derived effective Einstein equations without Z_2 symmetry.

Identified a new anisotropic fluid component on the brane.

Provided tools for studying Kaluza-Klein brane worlds and higher codimension regularization.

Abstract

We consider a brane world in an arbitrary number of dimensions without Z_2 symmetry and derive the effective Einstein equation on the brane, where its right-hand side is given by the matter on the brane and the curvature in the bulk. This is achieved by first deriving the junction conditions for a non-Z_2 symmetric brane and second solving the Gauss equation, which relates the mean extrinsic curvature of the brane to the curvature in the bulk, with respect to the mean extrinsic curvature. The latter corresponds to formulating an explicit junction condition on the mean of the extrinsic curvature, analogue to the Israel junction condition for the jump of the extrinsic curvature. We find that there appears a new type of an effective anisotropic fluid on the right-hand side of the effective Einstein equation due to the fact that there is no Z_2 symmetry. The derived equation is a basic equation for the study of Kaluza-Klein brane worlds in which some dimensions on the brane are compactified or for a regularization scheme for a higher codimension brane world, where the Kaluza-Klein compactification on the brane is regarded as a means to regularize the uncontrollable spacetime singularity caused by the higher codimension brane.