A near-infrared/optical/X-ray survey in the centre of sigma Orionis

TL;DR

This study conducts a comprehensive multi-wavelength survey of the sigma Orionis cluster center, revealing new low-mass members, high-energy emitters, and detailed spatial and population characteristics of stars and substellar objects.

Contribution

It provides the first combined near-infrared, optical, and X-ray survey of the cluster center, identifying new candidate members and analyzing their properties.

Findings

Identified 10 new high-energy emitting objects.

Found 6 new candidate cluster members, including a brown dwarf with a disc.

High X-ray emitter frequency of 80% in the surveyed area.

Abstract

Because of the intense brightness of the OB-type multiple star system sigma Ori, the low-mass stellar and substellar populations close to the centre of the very young sigma Orionis cluster is poorly know. I present an IJHKs survey in the cluster centre, able to detect from the massive early-type stars down to cluster members below the deuterium burning mass limit. The near-infrared and optical data have been complemented with X-ray imaging. Ten objects have been found for the first time to display high-energy emission. Previously known stars with clear spectroscopic youth indicators and/or X-ray emission define a clear sequence in the I vs. I-Ks diagram. I have found six new candidate cluster members that follow this sequence. One of them, in the magnitude interval of the brown dwarfs in the cluster, displays X-ray emission and a very red J-Ks colour, indicative of a disc. Other three low-mass stars have excesses in the Ks band as well. The frequency of X-ray emitters in the area is 80+/-20 %. The spatial density of stars is very high, of up to 1.6+/-0.1 arcmin-2. There is no indication of lower abundance of substellar objects in the cluster centre. Finally, I also report two cluster stars with X-ray emission located at only 8000-11000 AU to sigma Ori AB, two sources with peculiar colours and an object with X-ray emission and near-infrared magnitudes similar to those of previously-known substellar objects in the cluster.