# Nonstationary pattern in unsynchronizable complex networks

## TL;DR

This paper investigates nonstationary, irregular pattern formation in unsynchronizable complex networks, revealing dynamics like on-off intermittency, cluster evolution, and the role of active nodes, with implications for understanding complex system behaviors.

## Contribution

It introduces new insights into nonstationary pattern dynamics in unsynchronizable networks, including mechanisms, statistical properties, and scalings, enhancing understanding of complex system behaviors.

## Key findings

- On-off intermittency observed near synchronization bifurcation points
- Giant cluster coexists with small clusters during pattern evolution
- Active nodes' behavior is independent of coupling strength but sensitive to bifurcation types

## Abstract

Pattern formation and evolution in unsynchronizable complex networks are investigated. Due to the asymmetric topology, the synchronous patterns formed in complex networks are irregular and nonstationary. For coupling strength immediately out of the synchronizable region, the typical phenomenon is the on-off intermittency of the system dynamics. The patterns appeared in this process are signatured by the coexistence of a giant cluster, which comprises most of the nodes, and a few number of small clusters. The pattern evolution is characterized by the giant cluster irregularly absorbs or emits the small clusters. As the coupling strength leaves away from the synchronization bifurcation point, the giant cluster is gradually dissolved into a number of small clusters, and the system dynamics is characterized by the integration and separation of the small clusters. Dynamical mechanisms and statistical properties of the nonstationary pattern evolution are analyzed and conducted, and some scalings are newly revealed. Remarkably, it is found that the few active nodes, which escape from the giant cluster with a high frequency, are independent of the coupling strength while are sensitive to the bifurcation types. We hope our findings about nonstationary pattern could give additional understandings to the dynamics of complex systems and have implications to some real problems where systems maintain their normal functions only in the unsynchronizable state.