# Substructures in WINGS clusters

## TL;DR

This study analyzes the substructures within 77 nearby galaxy clusters from the WINGS survey using an adaptive-kernel method, revealing that most clusters contain subclusters which influence their luminosity profiles and align with cosmological simulation predictions.

## Contribution

It introduces a reliable method for detecting substructures in galaxy clusters and provides the first comprehensive analysis of substructure prevalence and properties in the WINGS sample.

## Key findings

- 73% of clusters contain subclusters at the same redshift.
- Detected substructures influence brightest cluster galaxy luminosities.
- Subcluster luminosity distribution matches cosmological simulation predictions.

## Abstract

We search for and characterize substructures in the projected distribution of galaxies observed in the wide field CCD images of the 77 nearby clusters of the WIde-field Nearby Galaxy-cluster Survey (WINGS). This sample is complete in X-ray flux in the redshift range 0.04<z<0.07. We search for substructures in WINGS clusters with DEDICA, an adaptive-kernel procedure. We test the procedure on Monte-Carlo simulations of the observed frames and determine the reliability for the detected structures. DEDICA identifies at least one reliable structure in the field of 55 clusters. 40 of these clusters have a total of 69 substructures at the same redshift of the cluster (redshift estimates of substructures are from color-magnitude diagrams). The fraction of clusters with subclusters (73%) is higher than in most studies. The presence of subclusters affects the relative luminosities of the brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). Down to L ~ 10^11.2 L_Sun, our observed differential distribution of subcluster luminosities is consistent with the theoretical prediction of the differential mass function of substructures in cosmological simulations.