# Scalar potential model progress

## TL;DR

The Scalar Potential Model (SPM) offers an alternative explanation for galactic and cosmic phenomena, addressing inconsistencies with General Relativity by explaining redshifts, galaxy rotation curves, and anomalies without dark matter or universe expansion.

## Contribution

This paper advances the SPM by demonstrating its consistency with various astrophysical observations and proposing a universe evolution model, extending beyond prior focus on galaxy and cluster scales.

## Key findings

- SPM explains galaxy rotation curves without dark matter.
- SPM accounts for intergalactic redshift and discrete redshift phenomena.
- SPM aligns with observed galaxy structures and anomalies.

## Abstract

Because observations of galaxies and clusters have been found inconsistent with General Relativity (GR), the focus of effort in developing a Scalar Potential Model (SPM) has been on the examination of galaxies and clusters. The SPM has been found to be consistent with cluster cellular structure, the flow of IGM from spiral galaxies to elliptical galaxies, intergalactic redshift without an expanding universe, discrete redshift, rotation curve (RC) data without dark matter, asymmetric RCs, galaxy central mass, galaxy central velocity dispersion, and the Pioneer Anomaly. In addition, the SPM suggests a model of past expansion, past contraction, and current expansion of the universe. GR corresponds to the SPM in the limit in which the effect of the Sources and Sinks approximate a flat scalar potential field such as between clusters and on the solar system scale, which is small relative to the distance to a Source.