An Extrasolar Planet Census with a Space-based Microlensing Survey

TL;DR

A space-based microlensing survey can statistically characterize a wide range of exoplanets, including Earth-mass planets, providing unique insights into planet formation and distribution that other methods cannot achieve.

Contribution

This paper proposes the Microlensing Planet Finder (MPF) mission as a feasible, cost-effective space-based microlensing survey to comprehensively study exoplanet populations.

Findings

Can detect planets down to 0.1 Earth-masses

Provides statistical census of planets from 0.5AU to infinity

Complements other detection methods like Kepler and ground-based microlensing

Abstract

A space-based gravitational microlensing exoplanet survey will provide a statistical census of exoplanets with masses down to 0.1 Earth-masses and orbital separations ranging from 0.5AU to infinity. This includes analogs to all the Solar System's planets except for Mercury, as well as most types of planets predicted by planet formation theories. Such a survey will provide results on the frequency of planets around all types of stars except those with short lifetimes. Close-in planets with separations < 0.5 AU are invisible to a space-based microlensing survey, but these can be found by Kepler. Other methods, including ground-based microlensing, cannot approach the comprehensive statistics on the mass and semi-major axis distribution of extrasolar planets that a space-based microlensing survey will provide. The terrestrial planet sensitivity of a ground-based microlensing survey is limited to the vicinity of the Einstein radius at 2-3 AU, and space-based imaging is needed to identify and determine the mass of the planetary host stars for the vast majority of planets discovered by microlensing. Thus, a space-based microlensing survey is likely to be the only way to gain a comprehensive understanding of the nature of planetary systems, which is needed to understand planet formation and habitability. The proposed Microlensing Planet Finder (MPF) mission is an example of a space-based microlensing survey that can accomplish these objectives with proven technology and a cost that fits comfortably under the NASA Discovery Program cost cap.