# Specific heat and bimodality in canonical and grand canonical versions of the thermodynamic model

## TL;DR

This paper compares canonical and grand canonical thermodynamic models for nuclear disassembly, explaining discrepancies in specific heat predictions and analyzing bimodality in fragment distributions related to phase transitions.

## Contribution

It identifies the reasons for differences between the models and reformulates parameters to achieve convergence, also exploring the connection between bimodality and phase transitions.

## Key findings

- Discrepancies in specific heat predictions explained.
- Parameter reformulation leads to model convergence.
- Bimodality in fragment distribution relates to phase transition.

## Abstract

We address two issues in the thermodynamic model for nuclear disassembly. Surprisingly large differences in results for specific heat were seen in predictions from the canonical and grand canonical ensembles when the nuclear system passes from liquid-gas co-existence to the pure gas phase. We are able to pinpoint and understand the reasons for such and other discrepancies when they appear. There is a subtle but important difference in the physics addressed in the two models. In particular if we reformulate the parameters in the canonical model to better approximate the physics addressed in the grand canonical model, calculations for observables converge. Next we turn to the issue of bimodality in the probability distribution of the largest fragment in both canonical and grand canonical ensembles. We demonstrate that this distribution is very closely related to average multiplicities. The relationship of the bimodal distribution to phase transition is discussed.